Top 50 Cybersecurity Companies in 2024
In 2023, the revenue in the cybersecurity market is expected to reach $162 billion, and more than half of that—$85.49 billion—will come from security services.
As the cyber landscape becomes increasingly perilous, organizations are more focused than ever on bolstering their cybersecurity measures. This surge in demand has led to a boom in the cybersecurity market, offering a wide array of solutions that can be both exciting and overwhelming.
To streamline your search, we've curated a list of the world's top 48 cybersecurity companies, ranking them based on factors such as innovation, revenue growth, customer reviews, and product features. We've also incorporated insights from industry analyst reports, independent security tests, and real-world use cases to ensure a comprehensive evaluation.
Top cybersecurity companies to know
1. Palo Alto Networks
2. McAfee
3. Microsoft
4. Crowdstrike
5. OneTrust
1. Palo Alto Networks
Best for comprehensive security solutions
Headquarters: Santa Clara, California
Founded: 2005
Annual Revenue: $6.9 billion
Topping our list of best cybersecurity companies is Palo Alto Networks, a pioneer in Next-Generation Firewalls and a powerhouse in the cybersecurity services companies landscape. They set the standard for AI cybersecurity companies by offering a highly innovative platform that secures your network from a myriad of external risks. With top products like:
- Prisma Cloud
- Cortex
- Strata
- Prisma SASE, Palo Alto Networks is a one-stop solution for multiple enterprise security needs, from Zero Trust to Cloud Native Security and Threat Intelligence.
Palo Alto Networks has consistently earned high marks in independent security tests, cementing its place among the top cybersecurity companies. Their firewall solutions, including hardware and VM-Series virtualized firewalls, stand out for control and visibility over users, content, and applications.
Who is Palo Alto Network for?
The firm provides services to more than 70,000 organizations across over 150 nations, and its clientele includes 85 companies from the Fortune 100 list. With offerings that serve everyone from CISOs to Cloud Architects, this largest cybersecurity company has a tailored solution for various organizational roles.
Palo Alto Networks is not just a cybersecurity company; it’s a multi-faceted security provider specializing in areas like Security Operations and ML-Powered Network Security. They excel in Advanced Threat Prevention, DNS Security, and Enterprise IoT Security, among others. By harnessing the power of analytics and machine learning, they significantly reduce response times and protect endpoint, network, and cloud assets from modern attacks.
Despite its comprehensive solutions, Palo Alto Networks is continually innovating in overlooked areas of cyber resilience like DevSecOps and vulnerability management. For biggest cybersecurity companies, this level of dedication to expanding its product offerings is unparalleled. If there’s any downside to note, it's that their foray into home office security, Okyo, has been discontinued. Nevertheless, their commitment to broadening their customer base with ease of use and perceived value remains unshaken.
Key Enterprise Security Areas Where Palo Alto Ranks Among the Best:
- Cloud Security
- Network Security
- Zero Trust
- Threat Intelligence
- Advanced URL Filtering
- Enterprise Data Loss Prevention
- SaaS Security
- Web Application & API Security
2. McAfee
Best for Antivirus, Network, and Identity Protection
Headquarters: San Jose, California
Founded: 1987
McAfee is a trusted name in the cybersecurity landscape, offering a wide range of antivirus and security solutions. Originating in 1987 and based in San Jose, California, the company specializes in antivirus management, network security, and identity protection. With products like McAfee Total Protection and McAfee Mobile Security, it serves both individual and business needs. McAfee's team of over 200 threat researchers block 22,250 online threats per minute, making it a go-to choice for robust, real-time security.
3. Microsoft
Best for Comprehensive Threat Intelligence, Windows-Centric Environments
Headquarters: Redmond, Washington
Founded: 1975
Annual Revenue: $211.91 B
Cybersecurity Product Categories: Threat Detection, Risk Management, Compliance
Following its strategic acquisition of RiskIQ, Microsoft has significantly enhanced its cybersecurity offerings. Now, the Microsoft Defender platform incorporates Threat Intelligence features, providing businesses with a comprehensive and nuanced view of existing threat landscapes. This integration allows companies to quickly identify potential threats and act effectively to neutralize them.
Suggested reading: What is Microsoft Entra External ID?
4. CrowdStrike
Best for Endpoint Protection, Threat Intelligence
Headquarters: Sunnyvale, California
Founded: 2011
Annual Revenue: $2.241B
CrowdStrike is a game-changer in endpoint protection and threat intelligence, with a remarkable growth trajectory. Known for its Falcon platform, this cybersecurity company excels in a variety of services, including next-gen antivirus, incident response, and ransomware blocking. CrowdStrike has not only stood out in the competitive EDR market but is also a frontrunner in the emerging XDR and fast-growing MDR spaces. The company's capability was notably demonstrated when it successfully defended against a SolarWinds-related attack—earning it top scores in MITRE MSSP evaluations. With its wide range of applications spanning election security, finance, healthcare, and retail, CrowdStrike is positioned as a comprehensive solution for today's complex cybersecurity needs.
5. Deepwatch
Best for managed detection and response security
Headquarters: Fully Remote
Founded: 2019
Cybersecurity product categories: Firewall security, endpoint security, threat detection, risk management, cloud security
Deepwatch stands as a formidable player in the cybersecurity landscape, providing a comprehensive suite of cybersecurity services designed to safeguard critical data. Specializing in threat monitoring and vulnerability identification, Deepwatch offers rapid response solutions for tackling cyber threats. What sets them apart is their client-focused approach; each organization is paired with a dedicated team of cybersecurity experts to ensure seamless and effective security operations.
6. Rapid7
Best for compliance and risk management
Headquarters: Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Founded: 2000
Annual Revenue: $714 million
Rapid7 distinguishes itself in the cybersecurity field by offering IT security solutions that not only provide deep visibility but also actionable insights. Whether your operations are on-premise, mobile, or cloud-based, Rapid7 covers all bases, facilitating informed decision-making, streamlined action plans, and continuous monitoring. Their unique blend of contextual threat analysis and rapid data collection encompasses users, assets, services, and networks, simplifying the often complex terrain of compliance and risk management.
7. KnowBe4
Best for security awareness training
Headquarters: Clearwater, Florida
Founded: 2010
Annual Revenue: $226.3M
KnowBe4 focuses on the human element, offering an extensive platform for security awareness training. Their simulated phishing tests, engaging training modules, and robust reporting features make them a favorite among companies looking to bolster their first line of defense: their employees. With KnowBe4, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of social engineering attacks by equipping staff with the knowledge and tools they need to recognize and avoid threats. In a digital age where human error can lead to significant breaches, KnowBe4 serves as a crucial ally in cybersecurity risk management.
8. Zscaler
Best for cloud-native approach to networking and security that offers scalability and ease of maintenance
Headquarters: San Jose, California, United States
Founded: 2007
Annual Revenue: 1.09 billion USD (2022)
Zscaler is a leading Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) company that integrates networking and software-driven security solutions into a cloud-based platform. Catering to the rising demand for cloud services, Zscaler provides robust security and access control measures to simplify network and data management. With the cloud at its core, Zscaler offers the convenience of easy maintenance, making it an attractive option for organizations looking to secure their digital infrastructure without the complexities of traditional setups.
9. Ping Identity
Best for Secure Access Management, Identity Solutions
Headquarters: Denver, Colorado, United States
Founded: 2002
Annual Revenue: $279.3M
As one of the largest cybersecurity companies specializing in federated identity management and self-hosted identity access management (IAM), Ping Identity offers a comprehensive suite of solutions designed to secure web identities. One of its standout features is the Single Sign-On (SSO) option, which streamlines user access to multiple applications using a single set of credentials. This feature is increasingly important in today's complex digital landscape, where efficient and secure access management is crucial.
Ping Identity's product line includes a range of powerful tools, such as PingID for multi-factor authentication, PingFederate for single sign-on capabilities, and PingIntelligence for AI-powered cyber threat detection. These products are part of an "identity meta system," an interoperable architecture for digital identity that also includes solutions from other top cybersecurity companies like Microsoft, Okta, Salesforce, and Google.
10. Duo Security
Best for Two-Factor Authentication, Secure Logins
Headquarters: Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Founded: 2010
Annual Revenue: $231.1 Million
Duo Security is a front-runner in two-factor authentication (2FA), offering an added layer of security that goes beyond the traditional username and password. This makes it one of the most reliable methods for secure login, trusted by major websites like Facebook, Airbnb, WordPress.com, and Dropbox.
11. Fortinet
Best for Comprehensive Security Fabric, Enterprise Network Firewalls
Headquarters: Sunnyvale, California
Founded: 2000
Annual Revenue: $4.99B
Cybersecurity Product Categories: Firewalls, Endpoint Security, Intrusion Detection, SIEM
Headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, Fortinet is a key player in the cybersecurity sector, primarily known for its flagship product, FortiGate firewalls. The company has diversified its offerings to include endpoint security, intrusion detection, and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) products.
Fortinet has received high rankings in Gartner's Magic Quadrant and security certifications from NSS Labs. The company is also a founding member of the Cyber Threat Alliance, enhancing cross-vendor threat intelligence.
12. CISCO
Best for comprehensive suite of networking and cybersecurity solutions
Headquarters: San Jose, California, United States
Founded: 1984
Annual Revenue: $56.998B
Cybersecurity Product Categories: Network Security, Firewalls, Multi-factor Authentication
Headquartered in California, Cisco is a pioneer in the technology industry, particularly known for its networking solutions. Founded in 1984 by Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner, the company played a critical role in the rise of the World Wide Web during the 1990s by revolutionizing Local Area Network (LAN) technologies.
Cisco's expansive range of products and services includes:
- Networking solutions like switches and routers designed for various scales, from individual to industrial.
- Wireless and mobility solutions, featuring access points, wireless controllers, and network management tools.
- Cybersecurity offerings such as DDoS protection, firewalls, and multi-factor authentication.
- Collaboration tools to facilitate remote work and team communication.
- Data center solutions to assist in cloud computing and infrastructure management.
With its robust product lineup and long-standing industry presence, Cisco remains a reliable choice for organizations looking to bolster their IT and cybersecurity posture.
13. Trend Micro
Best for Cloud and Enterprise Cybersecurity, Advanced Threat Defense
Cybersecurity Product Categories: Endpoint Protection, Cloud Security, Network Security
Headquarters: Tokyo, Japan, and the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, United States
Founded: 1988
Annual Revenue: $1.72 B
Notable Recognition: Named a Leader in the 2022 Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for Endpoint Protection Platforms.
Trend Micro stands as a global leader in cybersecurity. With a mission to make digital information exchange safe, the company protects over 500,000 organizations and 250 million individuals across multiple platforms—clouds, networks, devices, and endpoints.
Trend Micro offers:
- Centralized visibility for swift detection and response.
- Advanced threat defense techniques optimized for major cloud providers like AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.
- Enterprise security software catering to servers, containers, cloud computing environments, networks, and endpoints.
- Automated security solutions for customers of renowned virtualization and cloud services like VMware, Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.
With a global R&D presence in 16 locations worldwide (except Antarctica), Trend Micro continues to lead with decades of security expertise, global threat research, and innovative solutions for a secure digital future.
14. Okta
Cybersecurity Product Categories: Identity Management, Multi-Factor Authentication, Access Control
Best for: Enterprise Identity Management, User and Device Access Control
Headquarters: San Francisco
Founded: 2009
Annual Revenue: $1.858B
Headquartered in San Francisco, Okta is a leading American identity and access management company. Founded in 2009, the company had its IPO in 2017 and is valued at over $6 billion. Okta's services operate on Amazon Web Services cloud, providing enterprise-grade identity management for the cloud and on-premises applications.
Okta's Products and Services:
Products: Single Sign-On, Universal Directory, Advanced Server Access, API Access Management, Authentication, User Management, B2B Integration, Multi-factor Authentication, Lifecycle Management, and Access Gateway.
Services: Besides its single sign-on service, Okta also offers a range of API authentication services.
Okta emerged in response to evolving technological challenges, including the proliferation of devices, identity issues, and the growing landscape of applications. Its solutions are particularly geared toward addressing problems related to security, employee mobility, vendor partnerships, and application diversity.
15. OneTrust
Best for: Privacy Compliance, Data Governance, B2B Security
Cybersecurity Product Categories: Data Governance, Internet Privacy Compliance, Business-to-Business Security
Headquarters: Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Founded: 2016
Annual Revenue: $400 million
Based in Atlanta, Georgia, OneTrust is a leading privacy and security software provider specializing in business-to-business (B2B) security, data governance, and internet privacy compliance. Founded in response to the growing landscape of internet privacy regulations and laws, the company has amassed a valuation of $5.3 billion as of March 2022. OneTrust serves more than 12,000 customers and held 140 patents as of April 2021.
Market Presence:
- Valuation: $5.3 billion as of March 2022
- Customers: Over 12,000 customers, demonstrating wide-scale adoption of its solutions.
OneTrust offers a comprehensive range of software products designed to help organizations navigate the complex landscape of data protection laws and cybersecurity threats. With a significant number of patents, the company is at the forefront of technological advancements in privacy and security.
16. Proofpoint
Best for: Comprehensive Email Security, Data Loss Prevention, Regulatory Compliance, and Advanced Threat Protection
Headquarters: Sunnyvale, California
Founded: 2002
Annual Revenue: $1.1 billion
Cybersecurity Product Categories: Email Security, Advanced Threat Protection, Security Awareness Training, Cloud Security, Archiving and Compliance, Information Protection, Digital Risk Protection
Market Presence:
- Valuation: Acquired for $12.3 billion in 2021 by Thoma Bravo
- Industry Recognition: Included in the 2016 Forrester Wave for Digital Risk Monitoring
Headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, Proofpoint is a leading enterprise cybersecurity company that offers software-as-a-service (SaaS) products focusing on email security, identity threat defense, data loss prevention, and more. Acquired by private equity firm Thoma Bravo for $12.3 billion in 2021, the company provides comprehensive solutions against advanced cybersecurity threats, regulatory compliance issues, and brand-impostor fraud, also termed as "digital risk."
17. Tenable
Best For scalable vulnerability management solutions, both in the cloud and on-premises
Headquarters: Columbia, Maryland, United States
Founded: 2002
Annual Revenue: $0.743B
Tenable specializes in cloud-based vulnerability management solutions aimed at protecting networks and preventing security breaches. Built on Nessus technology, Tenable offers an array of products that help businesses identify and prioritize vulnerabilities based on risk.
18. Check Point
Best for advanced threat prevention, firewall protection
Headquarters: San Carlos, California, U.S.
Tel Aviv, Israel
Founded: 1993
Annual Revenue: $2.371B
Check Point is a multinational company specializing in IT security products that span network, endpoint, cloud, mobile, and data security, along with security management. Based in Tel Aviv, Israel, and San Carlos, California, the company has a global presence, with offices in over 70 locations including North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.
Key Features:
- Network Security
- Software Defined Protection
- Cloud Security
- Zero Trust Remote Access
- Data Security
- IoT Security
- ThreatCloud & ThreatCloud IntelliStore.
- Virtual Systems
- Endpoint Security
- Mobile Security
- Security Management
- Document Security (Capsule Docs)
- Zero-day Protection (SandBlast)
- Mobile Security (Mobile Threat Prevention)
19. Sophos
Best For: Medium-sized organizations looking for a wide array of cybersecurity solutions, though home users can also benefit from its free and paid antivirus offerings.
Headquarters: Abingdon, United Kingdom
Founded: 1985
Annual Revenue: $47.6 million
Sophos is a UK-based cybersecurity company that offers a broad range of security solutions targeting medium-sized organizations, although it also offers free and premium solutions for home users. Acquired by Thoma Bravo in 2020, Sophos specializes in endpoint protection, network security, encryption, and other areas of cybersecurity.
20. Trellix
Best for Large enterprises and mid-sized organizations seeking comprehensive, scalable XDR and threat intelligence solutions.
Headquarters: Milpitas, California, United States
Founded: 2022
Annual Revenue: $2 billion
Trellix is a cybersecurity company founded in 2022, emerging from the acquisition and merger of FireEye and McAfee's enterprise business. It focuses on extended detection and response (XDR), a comprehensive security incident detection and response platform. As of its inception, Trellix has over 40,000 customers, 5,000 employees, and generates $2 billion in annual revenue. Trellix is the result of Symphony Technology Group's acquisition of both FireEye and McAfee’s Enterprise business. These acquisitions have enabled Trellix to offer a comprehensive set of security solutions, combining the best of both companies.
21. RSA Security
Best for encryption, two-factor authentication, and comprehensive governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC) solutions
Headquarters: Bedford, Massachusetts, United States
Founded: 1982
Annual Revenue: $740.0 million
RSA Security is a well-established American computer and network security company, specializing in encryption and encryption standards. It offers a wide range of products including the popular SecurID two-factor authentication tokens, RSA Identity Governance and Lifecycle software, and RSA Archer GRC for governance, risk management, and compliance.
Known for its SecurID product, RSA has set a standard in two-factor authentication, providing solutions that offer both hardware tokens and software-based authentication. The company also has a rich offering in Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) through RSA enVision and RSA Security Analytics. Acquired by EMC Corporation in 2006 and later becoming a part of Dell Technologies, RSA Security has now been sold to a consortium led by Symphony Technology Group (STG).
RSA's cybersecurity event is also one of the most popular ones in the industry.
22. HackerOne
Best for crowd-sourced cybersecurity via bug bounty programs
Headquarters: San Francisco, California
Founded: 2012
Annual Revenue: $58.2 Million
HackerOne specializes in attack resistance management, leveraging the expertise of ethical hackers in tandem with asset discovery, continuous assessment, and process enhancement. One of the pioneers in the field of crowd-sourced security, it has initiated bug bounty and coordinated vulnerability disclosure programs. With a network that has paid over $230 million in bounties, HackerOne boasts an impressive clientele including major corporations, tech giants, and government agencies.
23. Imperva
Best for comprehensive application and data security
Headquarters: San Mateo, California, United States
Founded: 2002
Annual Revenue: $321.7M
Imperva is a cybersecurity firm with a focus on protecting web applications, APIs, data, and edge networks. With two decades in the industry, it offers an array of standalone products as well as the Sonar Platform, which provides a unified solution complete with orchestration, analysis, and automation capabilities.
24. Darktrace
Best for AI-driven cybersecurity solutions
Headquarters: Cambridge, United Kingdom
Founded: 2013
Annual Revenue: $0.41 B
Darktrace is a cybersecurity company founded by experts in cyber intelligence and mathematics, with a unique focus on leveraging artificial intelligence for security solutions. The company offers an extensive suite of products and capabilities like the Enterprise Immune System, DarkTrace Autonomous Response, Cyber AI Analyst, and Threat Visualization to provide real-time threat detection, automated interventions, and in-depth analytics.
25. Cybereason
Best for all-in-one endpoint security solution with quick threat detection and response capabilities
Headquarters: Boston, Massachusetts
Founded: 2012
Annual Revenue: $120.0 million
Cybereason offers a unified cybersecurity platform that combines endpoint prevention, detection, and response in a single lightweight agent. Using a mix of signature-based and behavioral techniques, the platform aims to defend against a wide range of threats, including ransomware and fileless attacks. The platform is designed to provide quick, contextual insights into complex attacks, aiming to reduce the time required for investigation and remediation.
Bonus: Cybereason has a podcast channel like some of the other security vendors. See our list of the top cybersecurity podcasts for inspiration.
Honorable mentions
Below you can find more cybersecurity companies that excel in what they do. The list is sorted based on alphabetical order.
- Accenture | Enterprise Security Strategy | New York, NY
- Akamai (DDoS, bot protection, zero trust, BAS, WAF, network security)
- Arctic Wolf (vulnerability management, MDR)
- Barracuda (WAF, NGFW, UTM, SD-WAN, web gateway, email security)
- CyberArk (privileged access management, IAM, SSO, zero trust, DevSecOps)
- Cynet (EDR, XDR, UEBA, deception tools, incident response, SMB security)
- Drata (security and compliance automation platform)
- Forcepoint (NGFW, CASB, DLP, zero trust)
- IBM (global technology innovator)
- Illumio (zero trust, microsegmentation, CWPP, top startup)
- Ivanti (patch management, VMaaS, ITAM, zero trust, EMM, VPN)
- Jumpcloud (zero-trust directory platform)
- Juniper Networks (NGFW, SD-WAN, UTM, zero trust)
- LogRhythm (SIEM, SOAR, UEBA, threat intelligence)
- OpenText/Micro Focus (SIEM, access management, encryption, patch management, application security, DevSecOps, SSO)
- Qualys (vulnerability management, vulnerability scanning, BAS, VMaaS, container security, cloud security)
- Resmo (SaaS security solutions)
- SentinelOne (EDR, MDR, XDR, CWPP)
- SkyHigh Security (zero trust, SASE, DLP, CASB, cloud security)
- Snyk (application security, container security, DevSecOps)
- SonicWall (WAF, UTM, NGFW, threat intelligence)
- Splunk (SIEM, SOAR, UEBA, network security)
- Tanium (zero trust, patch management)
- Vanta (automated security and compliance platform)
- Wiz (cloud security solutions)
Frequently Asked Questions
Which cybersecurity company is the best?
Determining the "best" cybersecurity company depends on various factors, including the specific needs of an organization, the type of threats it faces, budget constraints, and more. However, the top five cyber security companies can be listed as Palo Alto Networks, Fortinet, Cisco, CrowdStrike and IBM.
How do you choose A Cybersecurity Company?
Choosing a cybersecurity company requires a multi-step approach tailored to your organization's specific needs. Start by conducting a risk assessment to identify vulnerabilities and establish your budget and compliance requirements. Research potential vendors by reading reviews, consulting industry experts, and considering any industry recognition or certifications they may have. Evaluate the company's product offerings, technology stack, and customer support, and ask for a proof of concept or demo to test the solution in your environment. Negotiate terms and continuously assess the effectiveness of the chosen solution to ensure it meets your evolving cybersecurity needs.
Also see our guide to a cybersecurity career.
What Are The Top Cybersecurity Companies To Work For?
Top cybersecurity companies to work for include Palo Alto Networks, McAfee, CyberArk, Fortinet, and ZScaler.
Will cybersecurity be automated?
The automation of certain aspects of cybersecurity is already happening and will likely continue to expand. Automation can provide several benefits, such as faster response times to security incidents, reduced manual workload for security analysts, and more consistent application of security policies. Tools like automated vulnerability scanners, threat detection systems, and incident response platforms can perform tasks in seconds that might take humans much longer to complete.
However, it's unlikely that cybersecurity will become fully automated in the near future. Human expertise is essential for tasks that require complex decision-making, contextual understanding, and ethical considerations.
Can cybersecurity jobs be remote?
Yes, many cybersecurity jobs can be performed remotely, and the trend toward remote work in this field has been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Roles such as security analyst, consultant, auditor, and even some incident response positions can often be done from a remote location. Advances in technology and secure communication methods make it easier for cybersecurity professionals to perform their duties without being physically present in an office.
However, not all cybersecurity jobs can be remote. Positions that require physical access to hardware, or roles that are involved in highly sensitive operations that require an extra layer of security, may still require an on-site presence. Additionally, some organizations may have policies or regulatory constraints that limit remote work for certain roles. Overall, the feasibility of remote work in cybersecurity depends on the specific job responsibilities and the policies of the employer.
What are the best cybersecurity companies to work for?
Determining the "best" cybersecurity companies to work for can be subjective and dependent on various factors such as career goals, work-life balance, benefits, and company culture. However, some companies are generally regarded as great places to work in the cybersecurity sector due to their commitment to innovation, employee development, and competitive compensation. Best cybersecurity companies to work for include:
- CrowdStrike
- Palo Alto Networks
- Cisco Systems
- FireEye (now part of Trellix)
- Fortinet
- CyberArk
Wrap-up - Top Cybersecurity Companies
In conclusion, the realm of cybersecurity is both expansive and ever-evolving. Whether you are in the market for network security companies, cyber security services companies, cyber security solution providers, or IT security companies, there is a myriad of options tailored to fit your specific organizational needs. These companies offer a wide range of solutions, from cloud-native approaches to sophisticated threat intelligence. Selecting the right partner is crucial for safeguarding your enterprise network and endpoints while enabling your organization to flourish in today's digitally interconnected landscape. Therefore, it's important to conduct a thorough evaluation to find the ideal match, bearing in mind your operational scale and specific security requirements.
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